.. _Beam Parameters: *************** Beam parameters *************** .. index:: BEAMS .. index:: BEAM_ENERGIES Mandatory settings to set up the colliding particle beams are * The initial beam particles specified through :option:`BEAMS`, given by their PDG particle number. For (anti)protons and (positrons) electrons, for example, these are given by :math:`(-)2212` or :math:`(-)11`, respectively. The code for photons is 22. If you provide a single particle number, both beams will consist of that particle type. If the beams consist of different particles, a list of two values have to be provided. * The energies of both incoming beams are defined through :option:`BEAM_ENERGIES`, given in units of GeV. Again, single values apply to both beams, whereas a list of two values have to be given when the two beams do not have the same energy. Examples would be .. code-block:: yaml # LHC BEAMS: 2212 BEAM_ENERGIES: 7000 # HERA BEAMS: [-11, 2212] BEAM_ENERGIES: [27.5, 820] More options related to beamstrahlung and intrinsic transverse momentum can be found in the following subsections. .. contents:: :local: .. _Beam Spectra: Beam Spectra ============ .. index:: BEAM_SPECTRA .. index:: SPECTRUM_FILES .. index:: BEAM_SMIN .. index:: BEAM_SMAX If desired, you can also specify spectra for beamstrahlung through ``BEAM_SPECTRA``. The possible values are :option:`Monochromatic` The beam energy is unaltered and the beam particles remain unchanged. That is the default and corresponds to ordinary hadron-hadron or lepton-lepton collisions. :option:`Laser_Backscattering` This can be used to describe the backscattering of a laser beam off initial leptons. The energy distribution of the emerging photon beams is modelled by the CompAZ parametrization, see :cite:`Zarnecki2002qr`. Note that this parametrization is valid only for the proposed TESLA photon collider, as various assumptions about the laser parameters and the initial lepton beam energy have been made. See details below. :option:`Simple_Compton` This corresponds to a simple light backscattering off the initial lepton beam and produces initial-state photons with a corresponding energy spectrum. See details below. :option:`EPA` This enables the equivalent photon approximation for colliding protons, see :cite:`Archibald2008aa`. The resulting beam particles are photons that follow a dipole form factor parametrization, cf. :cite:`Budnev1974de`. The authors would like to thank T. Pierzchala for his help in implementing and testing the corresponding code. See details below. :option:`Spectrum_Reader` A user defined spectrum is used to describe the energy spectrum of the assumed new beam particles. The name of the corresponding spectrum file needs to be given through the keywords ``SPECTRUM_FILES``. The ``BEAM_SMIN`` and ``BEAM_SMAX`` parameters may be used to specify the minimum/maximum fraction of cms energy squared after Beamstrahlung. The reference value is the total centre of mass energy squared of the collision, *not* the centre of mass energy after eventual Beamstrahlung. The parameter can be specified using the internal interpreter, see :ref:`Interpreter`, e.g. as ``BEAM_SMIN: sqr(20/E_CMS)``. Laser Backscattering -------------------- .. index:: E_LASER .. index:: P_LASER .. index:: LASER_MODE .. index:: LASER_ANGLES .. index:: LASER_NONLINEARITY The energy distribution of the photon beams is modelled by the CompAZ parametrisation, see :cite:`Zarnecki2002qr`, with various assumptions valid only for the proposed TESLA photon collider. The laser energies can be set by ``E_LASER``. ``P_LASER`` sets their polarisations, defaulting to ``0.``. Both settings can either be set to a single value, applying to both beams, or to a list of two values, one for each beam. The ``LASER_MODE`` takes the values ``-1``, ``0``, and ``1``, defaulting to ``0``. ``LASER_ANGLES`` and ``LASER_NONLINEARITY`` can be set to ``true`` or to ``false`` (default). Simple Compton -------------- This corresponds to a simple light backscattering off the initial lepton beam and produces initial-state photons with a corresponding energy spectrum. It is a special case of the above Laser Backscattering with ``LASER_MODE: -1``. EPA --- .. index:: EPA:Q2Max .. index:: EPA:ThetaMax .. index:: EPA:Use_old_WW .. index:: EPA:PTMin .. index:: EPA:Form_Factor .. index:: EPA:AlphaQED The equivalent photon approximation, cf. :cite:`Archibald2008aa`, :cite:`Budnev1974de`, has a few free parameters, listed below. Each of these parameters has to be set in the subsetting ``EPA``, like so .. code-block:: yaml EPA: Q2Max: 4.5 The usual rules for yaml structure apply, c.f. :ref:`Input structure`. :option:`Q2Max` Parameter of the EPA spectra of the two beams, defaults to ``3.`` in units of GeV squared. For the electron, the maximum virtuality is taken to be the minimum of this value and the kinematical limit, given by .. math:: Q^2_{max,kin} = \frac{(m_e x)^2}{1-x} + E_e^2 (1-x) \theta^2_{max} with :math:`m_e` is the electron mass, :math:`E_e` the electron energy, :math:`x` the energy fraction that the photon carries and :math:`\theta_{max}` the maximum electron deflection angle, see below. :option:`ThetaMax` Parameter of the EPA spectrum of an electron beam, c.f. :cite:`Frixione:1993yw`. Describes the maximum angle of the electron deflection, which translates to the maximum virtuality in the photon spectrum. It defaults to ``0.3``. :option:`Use_old_WW` In Sherpa version 3, a more accurate Weizsäcker-Williams weight for electron beams is used, as described in :cite:`Schuler:1996qr` and :cite:`Frixione:1993yw`. By default, Sherpa uses this improved version of the formula, if you would like to use the previous version, set this switch to ``true``. :option:`PTMin` Infrared regulator to the EPA beam spectra. Given in GeV, the value must be between ``0.`` and ``1.`` for EPA approximation to hold. Defaults to ``0.``, i.e. the spectrum has to be regulated by cuts on the observable, cf :ref:`Selectors`. :option:`Form_Factor` Form factor model to be used on the beams. The options are ``0`` (pointlike), ``1`` (homogeneously charged sphere, ``2`` (gaussian shaped nucleus), and ``3`` (homogeneously charged sphere, smoothed at low and high x). Applicable only to heavy ion beams. Defaults to ``0``. :option:`AlphaQED` Value of alphaQED to be used in the EPA. Defaults to ``0.0072992701``. ``Q2Max``, ``PTMin``, ``Form_Factor``, ``XMin`` can either be set to single values that are then applied to both beams, or to a list of two values, for the respective beams. .. _Beam Polarization: Beam Polarization ============================= Sherpa can also provide cross-sections for polarized beams. These calculations can only be provided using the ``AMEGIC`` ME generator. The value for the beam polarization can be given as a percenatage e.g. 80 or in decimal form e.g. 0.8 . The flavour of :option:`BEAM_1/BEAM_2` follows the definition given to :option:`BEAMS`. .. code-block:: yaml POLARIZATION: BEAM_1: 0.8 BEAM_2: -0.3